A criminal code (or penal code) is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law. Typically a criminal code will contain offences that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on retroactive prosecution).[1]

Criminal codes are relatively common in civil law jurisdictions, which tend to build legal systems around codes and principles which are relatively abstract and apply them on a case-by-case basis. Conversely they are not as common in common law jurisdictions.

The proposed introduction of a criminal code in England and Wales was a significant project of the Law Commission from 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition of legal precedent in the jurisdiction and consequently the large number of binding legal judgements and ambiguous 'common law offences', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law, the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived.[2]

A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee for Irish criminal law met from 2007 to 2010 and its Draft Criminal Code and Commentary was published in 2011.[3][4]

In the United States, a Model Penal Code exists which is not itself law but which provides the basis for the criminal law of many states. Individual states often choose to make use of criminal codes which are often based, to a varying extent, on the model code.[5] Title 18 of the United States Code is the criminal code for federal crimes.[6] However, Title 18 does not contain many of the general provisions concerning criminal law that are found in the criminal codes of many so-called "civil law" countries.

Criminal codes are generally supported for their introduction of consistency to legal systems and for making the criminal law more accessible to laypeople.[7] A code may help avoid a chilling effect where legislation and case law appears to be either inaccessible or beyond comprehension to non-lawyers. Alternatively critics have argued that codes are too rigid and that they fail to provide enough flexibility for the law to be effective.

Jurisdictions of many countries, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, use different penal codes.

By country

See also

References

  1. ↑ "French Penal Code (ToC)" (PDF). LegiFrance (Eng translation). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-04.
  2. ↑ "Newsletter" (PDF). Law Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-16.
  3. ↑ "Minister Shatter publishes draft Criminal Code prepared by the Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee" (Press release). Department of Justice and Equality. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  4. ↑ Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee (31 May 2010). "Draft Criminal Code and Commentary" (PDF). Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  5. ↑ Robinson, Paul. "Introduction to the Model Penal Code" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ↑ "United States Code (Title 18)". GPO.
  7. ↑ "Law Commission". Archived from the original on 2007-07-24.
  8. ↑ "Indian Penal Code".
  9. ↑ "Code of Criminal Procedure, India".
  10. ↑ "Vietnamese Penal Code 1999 - full text in English". vbpl.vn. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
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