Sosso Empire

• c. 970 — c. 1240 Decline of the Ghana Empire
  • c. 1,075 Almoravid conquest of the Ghana Empire
  • c. 1100 — c. 1235 Aftermath and Sosso Occupation
• c. 1217 — c. 1230 Pre-imperial expansion of the Mali Empire
  • c. 1217 — c. 1255 Campaigns of Sundiata Keita
    • c. 1235 Battle of Kirina
  • c. 1217 — c. 1255 Campaigns of Fakoli and Fran

Mali Empire

• 1235 — 1230 Pre-imperial expansion
  • c. 1235 — c. 1255 Campaigns of Sundiata Keita
    • c. 1235 Battle of Kirina
  • c. 1235 — c. 1255 Campaigns of Fakoli and Fran
• 1235 — 1250 Early imperial expansion of the Mali Empire
  • 1235 — 1255 Tiramakhan's western campaign
  • 1255 — 1270 Expansion under Mansa Ouali I
  • Civil war and rebellion
  • 1285 — 1300 Re-conquest and expansion under Mansa Sakura
• 1300 — 1337 The empire at its zenith
• 1337 — 1440 The fragmenting empire
  • 1337 — 1440 The secession of Gao and the Mossi raids
  • The Jolof Empire
  • 1374 The Eastern Revolt
  • c. 1400 The Sandaki usurpation and second Mossi raid
  • The Diawara Revolt
  • c. 1433 The Tuareg invasion

Approximate extent of the Mali Empire, next to the Songhai Empire, c. 1350

• 1440 — 1490 The empire on the defensive
  • The Portuguese
  • Songhai hegemony
  • Tengela War
• 1500 — 1600 Collapse of the Mali empire
  • Songhay hegemony in the Sahel
  • The Songhay respite and the battle for Bambuk
  • The Rise of the Kaabu Empire
  • The Sack of Niani
  • Further losses
  • April 26, 1599 Battle of Jenné

The Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire and surrounding states, c. 1530

Songhai Empire

• 1440 — 1490 The Mali Empire on the Defensive
  • The Portuguese
  • Songhai hegemony
  • Tengela War
• 1500 — 1600 Collapse of the Mali Empire
  • Songhay hegemony in the Sahel
  • The Songhay respite and the Battle for Bambuk
  • The Rise of the Kaabu Empire
  • The Sack of Niani
  • Further losses
  • April 26, 1599 Battle of Jenné
• 1578 — 1603 Campaigns of Ahmad al-Mansur of the Saadi dynasty of Morocco
  • October 16, 1590 — March 13, 1591 Songhai campaign
    • March 13, 1591 Battle of Tondibi
• April 26, 1599 Battle of Jenné

Map of the Pashalik of Timbuktu (yellow-striped) as part of the Saadi dynasty of Morocco (outlined black) within the Songhai Empire (outlined red), c. 1591

Massina Empire

The Fulani Jihad States of West Africa, c. 1830

• c. 1776 — April 20, 1845 Campaigns of Seku Amadu
  • 1810 — 1818 Jihad of Seku Amadu

Toucouleur Empire

• c. 1797 — 1864 Campaigns of El Hadj Umar Tall
  • 1848 — 1864 Initial conquests
    • 1659 — 1958 French colonisation in Africa
      • April 1857 Siege of Medina Fort
  • March 10, 1861 — March 16, 1862 Conquest of the Bamana Empire
    • March 10, 1861 Battle of Segou

The greatest extent of the Toucouleur Empire at the time of El Hadj Umar Tall's death in 1864

Wassoulou Empire

• 1883 — 1886 Mandingo Wars

Republic of Mali

• 1916 — 2012 Tuareg rebellions
  • 1962 — 1964 First Tuareg rebellion
• 1985 Agacher Strip War
• 1990 — 1995 Azawad insurgency and Malian civil war
• October 7, 2001 — ongoing War on Terror
  • 2002 — ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb
    • February 6, 2007 — ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara
    • February 2007 — May 2009 Second Tuareg rebellion
    • December 8, 2010 — ongoing Arab Spring
      • 2012 — ongoing Northern Mali conflict
        • 2012 — Third Tuareg Rebellion
          • January 18, 2012 — March 11, 2012 Battle of Tessalit
          • January 17, 2012 — January 25, 2012 Battle of Aguelhok
          • February 7, 2012 — February 8, 2012 Battle of Tinzaouaten
        • March 21, 2012 — April 8, 2012 Malian coup d'état
        • June 27, 2012 — ongoing Internal conflict in Azawad
          • June 26, 2012 — June 27, 2012 Battle of Gao
          • November 16, 2012 — November 20, 2012 Battle of Menaka
          • February 22, 2013 — February 23, 2013 Battle of Khalil
          • March 29, 2013 — March 30, 2013 Battle of In Arab
        • January 11, 2013 — ongoing Operation Serval