The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hamburg, Germany.
Prior to 16th century
| History of Hamburg |
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- 831 – Bishopric established.[1]
- 845 – Town sacked by Norsemen.[2]
- 1189
- Adolf III of Holstein gets charter from Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I that gives Hamburg a court, jurisdiction, and fishing rights.[2]
- St. Peter's Church built (approximate date).
- 1190 – Alster dam installed.
- 1201 – Hamburg occupied by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark.
- 1223 – Archbishopric relocated from Hamburg to Bremen.[3]
- 1241 – Lübeck-Hamburg alliance established.[3]
- 1248 – Fire.
- 1256 – St. Catherine's Church active (approximate date).
- 1284 – 5 August: Fire.
- 1286 – 24 April: acquires rights to maintain permanent fire on Neuwerk.
- 1299 – 1 November: allowed to build a fortified tower, the new work (Neuwerk).
- 1310 – completion of the Great Tower Neuwerk.
- 1329 – St. Mary's Cathedral consecrated.
- 1350 – Black Death.
- 1356 – Matthiae-Mahlzeit (feast) begins.
- 1375 – Grocers' Guild formed.
- 1390 – Public clock installed (approximate date).[4]
- 1410 – Constitution of Hamburg established.
- 1412 – 1412 Unterelbe flood.
- 1418 – St. Peter's Church rebuilt (approximate date).
- 1479 – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg (public library) established in the Town Hall.
- 1491 – Printing press in operation.[5]
- 1500 – City expands its borders.[6]
16th–18th centuries
Hamburg, 1730
- 1510 – Hamburg becomes an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.[2]
- 1529
- Protestant Reformation.[2]
- Council of citizens established.
- Johanneum (college) founded.[7]
- 1536 – Hamburg joins Schmalkaldic League.[2]
- 1558 – Hamburg Stock Exchange established.[8]
- 1567 – Trade with the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London established.[9]
- 1590 – Berenberg Bank founded.
- 1615 – City walls extended around Hamburg-Neustadt.[2]
- 1619 – Bank of Hamburg founded.[8][10]
- 1630 – Bremen–Lübeck–Hamburg defensive alliance formed.[8]
- 1654 – Synagoge Neuer Steinweg in use.
- 1663 – Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen magazine begins publication.[11]
- 1665 – Hamburg Chamber of Commerce founded.
- 1669
- St. Michael's Church built.
- Wapen von Hamburg (1669) (ship) launched.
- 1678 – Oper am Gänsemarkt (opera house) opens;[12] premiere of Theile's opera Adam und Eva.[13]
- 1679 – Coffee house in business.[14]
- 1705 – Premiere of Handel's opera Almira.[15]
- 1710 – Hamburg City Archives established.
- 1712 – Plague.
- 1735 – Commerzbibliothek (business library) founded.[16]
- 1762
- City occupied by Danish forces.
- St. Michael's Church built.[7]
- 1765
- 1767 – Hamburgische Entreprise (theatre) established.[17]
- 1778 – Hamburger Ersparungskasse (bank) established.[10]
- 1787 – City directory published.[18]
- 1789 – Clubbs der Freundschaft founded.[16]
- 1790 – United States consulate established.[19]
- 1792 – Hamburger Jakobinerklub formed.
- 1799 – H. J. Merck & Co. in business.
19th century
1800s–1840s
- 1805 – Gesellschaft der Freunde des vaterländischen Schul- und Erziehungswesens (education society) founded.[16]
- 1806 – 19 November: French occupation of city begins.[6]
- 1810 – Hoffmann und Campe publisher in business.[20]
- 1811
- 9th French-Polish Uhlan Regiment founded in Hamburg.[21]
- City becomes capital of the French Bouches-de-l'Elbe department.[6]
- 1813
- Siege of Hamburg.
- Hamburg Women's Association established.[22]
- 1814 – Hamburg Citizen Militia and Hamburg Police formed.
- 1815 – 8 June: City becomes a member state of the German Confederation.[6]
- 1821 – Lehmann's botanical garden established.
- 1823
- Hospital built in St. George.[23]
- Altona Observatory founded by Heinrich Christian Schumacher.
- 1825 – February flood of 1825.
- 1827 – City Theatre opens.[24][25]
- 1828 – Hamburg Philharmonic Society formed.[26]
- 1833 – Rauhes Haus founded.
- 1834 – Johanneum building constructed.[7]
- 1835 – Coat of arms of Hamburg redesigned.
- 1838 – English Church built.[23]
- 1839 – Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte (local history society) founded.
- 1840
- Gymnasium founded.[6]
- Population: 136,956.
- 1841 – Circus Gymnasticus opens.
- 1842
- Exchange built.[7]
- 5–8 May: Great Fire of Hamburg.[6]
- 1843
- Thalía Theatre built.[23]
- Naturhistorisches Museum Hamburg established.
- 1845 – Sillem's Bazar shopping arcade built.[27]
- 1846 – Berliner Railway Station established.
- 1847
- Hamburg America Line in business.
- Patriotic Club building constructed.[7]
- Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg founded
- 1848 – Otto Meissner (publisher) in business.[20]
- 1849
- Hamburger Nachtrichten newspaper begins publication.[28]
- St. Peter's Church rebuilt again.[2]
1850s–1890s
- 1850 – Kunsthalle (art gallery) opens.[29]
- 1855 – January: Flood.[6]
- 1856 – North German Bank and Union Bank established.[30]
- 1859
- 1861
- Museum Godeffroy opens.
- Population: 178,841.[32]
- 1863
- Hamburger Fremdenblatt newspaper in publication.[28]
- Zoological Garden of Hamburg opens.[23][33]
- Rebuilt St. Nicholas' Church dedicated.
- 1865
- Lübeck–Hamburg railway begins operating; Lübecker Railway Station established.
- Lombardsbrücke (bridge) built.
- 1866
- Horsecar tram begins operating.
- Bahnhof Hamburg Klosterthor (railway station) established.
- 21 August: City becomes part of the North German Confederation.[34]
- 1867 – Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld (horse racetrack) built.
- 1868 – St. Georg becomes part of city.
- 1869 – Horner Rennbahn (horse racetrack) and Kunsthalle[7] built.
- 1871
- City becomes part of the German Empire.
- Population: 240,251.
- Gesellschaft für Verbreitung von Volksbildung (education society) branch established.[35]
- 1872 – Venloer Railway Station established.
- 1873
- 1874 – Hagenbeck's zoo opens.
- 1877
- Ohlsdorf Cemetery established near city.
- Blohm + Voss shipbuilders in business near city.
- 1878 – Museum for Art and Industry founded.[2]
- 1879
- Hanseatic High Court of Appeal headquartered in Hamburg.[37]
- Holsten Brewery in business.
- 1880 – Steinway & Sons piano factory in operation.
- 1883 – Speicherstadt (warehouse district) construction begins in the Port of Hamburg.
- 1887
- Hamburger Echo newspaper begins publication.[28]
- Sport-Club Germania Hamburg founded.
- Central post office built.[2]
- 1888
- Hamburg joins German Customs Union.[7]
- Harbourworks[7] and iron bridge[2] constructed.
- Free Port opens.[38]
- 1889 – 15 May: Exhibition of Trade and Industry opens.[34]
- 1890
- German East Africa Line (shipping company) in business.[38]
- May: Gas-worker strike.[34]
- Population: 323,923.[3]
- 1891 – Natural History Museum built.[2]
- 1892
- 1892 Germany cholera outbreak.[3]
- German Open Tennis Championships begin.
- Hamburger Dom (funfair) relocated to Heiligengeistfeld fair ground.
- 1894 – St. Pauli becomes part of city.
- 1896
- November: Dockworker strike.[34]
- Fischauktionshalle (Hamburg-Altona) (fish market) rebuilt.
- 1897 – Hamburg Rathaus (city hall) built.
- 1898 – Hamburg-Altona railway station opens.
- 1899 – Hamburger Öffentliche Bücherhallen (library) founded.
- 1900
- Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases opens.
- Shipbuilding school founded.[2]
20th century
1900–1945
- 1901 – Civil law courts built.[2]
- 1904 – American Businessmen's Club of Hamburg founded.[19]
- 1905 – Population: 802,793.[2]
- 1906
- Hamburg Hauptbahnhof (railway station) opens.
- Altona-Hamburg railway begins operating.
- 1907
- Tierpark Hagenbeck (zoo) established.
- Stadion Hoheluft (stadium) opens.
- 1908
- Hamburgisches Kolonialinstitut established.
- Music Hall inaugurated.[7]
- Simplo Fullfeder pen company relocates to Hamburg.
- 1909 – Hotel Atlantic in business.
- 1910 – Sportplatz at Rothenbaum opens.
- 1911 – Hamburg Airport and Elbe Tunnel open.
- 1912
- Hamburg U-Bahn begins operating.
- Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory dedicated.
- Hamburg-Mannheimer Insurance Corporation in business.
- 1913
- 1914 – Hamburg Stadtpark (park) opens.
- 1918
- Hamburg Kammerspiele (theatre) founded.
- Hamburger Volkszeitung newspaper begins publication.[28]
- 1919 – University of Hamburg and Hamburger Sport-Verein established.
- 1921 – Consulate of Poland founded.[41]
- 1922 – Museum of Hamburg History opens.
- 1923 – Labour and Socialist International founded in Hamburg.[42]
- 1924
- Nordische Rundfunk radio begins broadcasting.
- Chilehaus built.
- 1925
- Helms-Museum and Hamburg School of Astrology established.
- Population: 1,079,126.
- 1926 – Botanischer Sondergarten Wandsbek (garden) established.
- 1930
- Planten un Blomen (park) created.
- Population: 1,145,124.
- 1933
- Nazis seize control of the city and Carl Vincent Krogmann becomes mayor.
- Hamburger Flugzeugbau (aircraft company) in business.
- Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp founded.[43]
- 1934
- Bürgerschaft abolished.
- Gau Hamburg established.
- Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt begins operating.
- 1937
- major expansion of the land of Hamburg per the Greater Hamburg Act:
- the cities Altona, Wandsbek, and Harburg-Wilhelmsburg join
- and the cities Geesthacht and Cuxhaven (including Neuwerk) leave the territory of the Land Hamburg.
- major expansion of the land of Hamburg per the Greater Hamburg Act:
- 1938 – Neuengamme concentration camp established by SS.
- 1939 – Bombing of Hamburg in World War II begins.
- 1940 – April: Oflag X-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied officers established.[44]
- 1943
- May: Langer Morgen forced labour camp for men established.[45]
- 7 August: Main base of the 2nd SS construction brigade (forced labour camp) relocated from Bremen to Hamburg.[46]
- 1944
- April: 2nd SS construction brigade relocated to Berlin.[46]
- 8 June: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of the Ravensbrück concentration camp established. The prisoners were mostly Polish and Soviet women.[47]
- July: Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.[48]
- 1 September: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of Ravensbrück reorganized into a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp.[47]
- 12 September: Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.[49]
- 13 September: Hamburg-Neugraben and Hamburg-Sasel subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.[50][51]
- 13 September: Women prisoners of the Hamburg-Veddel subcamp moved to other subcamps in Hamburg and Wedel.[48]
- 15 September: 2,000 male prisoners deported to the Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of Neuengamme.[52]
- 27 September: Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.[53]
- October: Hamburg-Finkenwerder subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were mostly Soviet, Polish, Belgian, French and Danish men.[54]
- November: Subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established by the SS at the Spaldingstraße for men of various nationalities.[55]
- L'Obstinée masonic lodge established by Belgian POWs in the Oflag X-D POW camp.[56]
- 1945
- 8 February: Hamburg-Neugraben subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved and Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp founded. Surviving prisoners moved from the Hamburg-Neugraben to the Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp.[50][57]
- March: 250 Romani and Sinti women deported to the Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of Neuengamme from the Ravensbrück concentration camp.[49]
- March: Hamburg-Finkenwerder subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved.[54]
- 22 March: Langer Morgen forced labour camp dissolved.[45]
- 7 April: Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Bergen-Belsen.[57]
- 14 April: Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Sandbostel.[52]
- 17 April: Subcamp of Neuengamme at Spaldingstraße dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Sandbostel.[55]
- 30 April: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved.[47]
- 3 May: Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to the Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp.[49]
- 3 May: Oflag X-D POW camp liberated by the British.[44]
- 4–5 May: Hamburg-Sasel subcamp of Neuengamme liberated by the British.[51]
- 5 May: Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp of Neuengamme liberated by the British.[53]
- Bombing of Hamburg in World War II ends.
- Hamburg in the British occupation zone.
- Rudolf Petersen appointed mayor by British authorities.
- Eppendorf (company) founded.
- Population: 1,350,278.
1946–1990s
- 1946
- 5 December: Hamburg Ravensbrück trials for war crimes begin at the Curiohaus.
- Max Brauer becomes mayor.
- 1948
- Hamburger Abendblatt newspaper and Stern news magazine begin publication.
- Population: 1,518,900.
- 1949 – Hamburger Morgenpost newspaper begins publication.
- 1950 – Public University of Music established.
- 1951 – Institut français Hamburg founded.
- 1952
- Der Spiegel news magazine headquartered in city.
- Bild newspaper begins publication.[40]
- Constitution of Hamburg ratified.[40]
- UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning headquartered in city.
- 1953
- Volksparkstadion (stadium) opens.
- International garden show held.[58]
- 1955 – Hamburg State Opera building opens.
- 1957
- Fazle Omar Mosque built.[59]
- Streit's Haus Filmtheater opens.[60]
- British Army School and Hamburg Symphony Orchestra established.
- 1958 – Hamburg Atlantic Line in business.
- 1959 – Kaiserkeller night club opens.
- 1960 – August: English rock band The Beatles begin performing in Hamburg.
- 1961 – Population: 1,840,543.
- 1962
- 1963
- Millerntor-Stadion (stadium) opens.
- St. James' Church restored.
- Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg greenhouses built.
- 1964 - Deutsches Übersee-Institut headquartered in Hamburg.
- 1965
- Gruner + Jahr publisher in business.
- Hamburg Transport Association established.
- Imam Ali Mosque built.[59]
- NDR Fernsehen (television) headquartered in city.
- 1967 – Eros Center brothel in business on the Reeperbahn.
- 1968
- Cherry Blossom Festival begins.
- Alsterdorfer Sporthalle and Gruenspan music club open.
- 1969 – waived older rights on harbour estate in Cuxhaven in favour of Neuwerk and Scharhörn to build an offshore harbour.
- 1970
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences founded.
- Population: 1,793,640.
- 1971 – Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy[61] and Fabrik cultural centre founded.
- 1973
- Congress Center Hamburg opens.
- University of the German Federal Armed Forces and Neumeier's Hamburg Ballet established.
- Kattwykbrücke (bridge) built.
- 1974
- Köhlbrand Bridge built.
- Hans-Ulrich Klose becomes mayor.
- 1975 – New Elbe Tunnel opens.
- 1976 – Die Motte youth centre founded in Ottensen.[62]
- 1978
- July: City hosts the 1978 World Fencing Championships.
- Technical University of Hamburg founded.
- 1979
- Botanischer Garten Hamburg (garden) opens.
- Werkstatt 3 co-operative founded in Ottensen.[62]
- 1980 – Stadtteilarchiv Ottensen (archive) founded.[62]
- 1981
- Protest against proposed Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant.
- Klaus von Dohnányi becomes mayor.
- Squat on Hafenstraße begins.
- 1982 – Kampnagel (cultural space) established.
- 1984
- Chaos Communication Congress begins.
- Hamburg Institute for Social Research founded.[61]
- 1985
- Birdland jazz club opens.
- Museum der Arbeit established.
- 1986
- Chaos Computer Club headquartered in city.
- Radio Hamburg begins broadcasting.
- Hamburg Marathon begins.
- Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant commissioned near city.
- 1988
- Center for Science and International Security at the University of Hamburg founded.[61]
- Henning Voscherau becomes mayor.
- Population: 1,603,070.
- 1989
- Deichtorhallen art centre opens.
founded.
- 1990 – GoodMills Deutschland headquartered in city.
- 1992 – Filmfest Hamburg begins.
- 1994 – Film and Television Museum Hamburg[63] and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg established.
- 1996 – City website online (approximate date).[64]
- 1997 – Ortwin Runde becomes mayor.
- 1998
- Afghan Museum established.
- Am Rothenbaum (sport venue) built.
- 2000
- Bucerius Law School established.
- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea headquartered in city.
21st century
- 2001
- Long Night of Museums begins.[65]
- Container Terminal Altenwerder opens.
- Ole von Beust becomes mayor.
- 2002
- 4 November: Bambule eviction.
- O2 World arena opens.
- Bucerius Kunst Forum (art gallery) founded.
- 2003 – Hamburg Pride founded.[66]
- 2004
- Hamburg Summit: China meets Europe begins.
- Major Records in business.
- 2005 – eVendi Arena (for American Football) built.
- 2006 – German Institute of Global and Area Studies established.
- 2007
- World Future Council and Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein Film Promotion headquartered in city.
- 29 May: Anti-globalization protest.
- Dockville music festival.
- Elbphilharmonie construction begins.
- 2008
- HafenCity district and Foundation for Historic Museums of Hamburg established.
- Lange Nacht der Industrie (industrial public relations event) begins.
- Museum für Kunst und Kultur an der Elbe opens in Jenisch House.
- 2009
- International Chamber Music Competition Hamburg begins.
- Student protest for education reform.[67]
- 2010 – Christoph Ahlhaus becomes mayor.
- 2011
- Olaf Scholz becomes mayor.
- European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean Foundation headquartered in city.
- 2012 – Population: 1,813,587.
- 2013 – December: 2013–14 Hamburg demonstrations begin.
- 2015 – 2015 Hamburg Olympics referendum.
- 2016 – 31 October: Elbphilharmonie concert hall is officially completed.
- 2017
- 7 July: G20 summit meeting held.
- December: City hosts the 2017 World Women's Handball Championship.
- 2023 – Shooting.
See also
References
- ↑ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Britannica 1910.
- 1 2 3 4 "Hamburg". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum [in German] (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-15510-4.
- ↑ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 George Henry Townsend (1867), "Hamburg", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Baedeker 1910.
- 1 2 3 Dollinger 1970.
- ↑ William E. Lingelbach (1904). "The Merchant Adventurers at Hamburg". American Historical Review. 9 (2): 265–287. doi:10.2307/1833366. hdl:2027/njp.32101068319530. JSTOR 1833366.
- 1 2 Glyn Davies; Roy Davies (2002). "Comparative Chronology of Money" – via University of Exeter.
- ↑ Steven Anzovin and Janet Podell, ed. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN 0824209583.
- ↑ George J. Buelow (1978). "Opera in Hamburg 300 Years Ago". Musical Times. 119 (1619): 26–28. doi:10.2307/958619. JSTOR 958619.
- ↑ Stephen Rose (2005). "Chronology". In Tim Carter and John Butt (ed.). Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79273-8.
- ↑ Nina Luttinger; Gregory Dicum (1999). "Historic Timeline". The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-724-4.
- ↑ Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.
- 1 2 3 Julius Petzholdt (1853), "Hamburg", Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken (in German), Halle: H.W. Schmidt, OCLC 8363581
- 1 2 William Grange (2006). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of German Theater. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6489-4.
- ↑ A. V. Williams (1913). Development and Growth of City Directories. Cincinnati, USA.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - 1 2 "Hamburg Facts and History". American Club of Hamburg. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- 1 2 Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 (in German). Leipzig: O.A. Schulz. 1870.
- ↑ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 51.
- ↑ Katherine Aaslestad (2005). "Remembering and Forgetting: The Local and the Nation in Hamburg's Commemorations of the Wars of Liberation". Central European History. 38 (3): 384–416. doi:10.1163/156916105775563634. JSTOR 20141115. S2CID 146605508.
- 1 2 3 4 "Hamburg". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
- ↑ "Hamburg". Neuer Theater-Almanach (in German). Berlin: F.A. Günther & Sohn. 1908. hdl:2027/uva.x030515382.
- ↑ Hermann Uhde (1879). Das Stadttheater in Hamburg, 1827–1877 (in German). Stuttgart: Cotta.
- ↑ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ↑ Furnée and Lesger, ed. (2014). The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600-1900. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-31406-2.
- 1 2 3 4 "Global Resources Network". Chicago, USA: Center for Research Libraries. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ↑ Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
- ↑ John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Hamburg", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
- ↑ Donna M. Di Grazia, ed. (2013). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-98852-0.
- ↑ Georg Friedrich Kolb [in German] (1862). "Deutschland: Hamburg". Grundriss der Statistik der Völkerzustands- und Staatenkunde (in German). Leipzig: A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung.
- ↑ Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). "Zoological Gardens of Germany (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
- 1 2 3 4 Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Hamburg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- ↑ Hurd 1996.
- ↑ "Continental Photographic Societies", International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, 1890
- ↑ Umbach 2005.
- 1 2 Edwin Jones Clapp (1911). The Port of Hamburg. Yale University Press.
- ↑ Florian Illies (2013). 1913: The Year Before the Storm. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-352-6.
- 1 2 3 Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1857432533.
- ↑ Chałupczak, Henryk (2004). "Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)". In Kaczmarek, Ryszard; Masnyk, Marek (eds.). Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939 (in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 20.
- ↑ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2006). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1.
- ↑ "Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- 1 2 "Arbeitserziehungslager "Langer Morgen" Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Hammerbrook (2nd SS Construction Brigade)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Hamburg-Wandsbek". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Veddel (Women)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Hamburg-Langenhorn". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Neugraben". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Sasel". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Veddel (Men)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Eidelstedt". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Finkenwerder". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Hammerbrook (Spaldingstraße)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ↑ Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p 267
- 1 2 "Hamburg-Tiefstack". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ↑ "Bisherige Gartenschauen" [Previous Garden Shows] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- 1 2 Ossama Hegazy (2015). "Towards a German Mosque". In Erkan Toğuşlu (ed.). Everyday Life Practices of Muslims in Europe. Leuven University Press. pp. 193–216. ISBN 978-94-6270-032-1.
- ↑ "Movie Theaters in Hamburg, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- 1 2 3 "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia, USA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- 1 2 3 M. Franzen (2005). "New social movements and gentrification in Hamburg and Stockholm: A comparative study". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 20 (1): 51–77. doi:10.1007/s10901-005-6764-z. JSTOR 41107283. S2CID 142422010.
- ↑ Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg. "Hamburger Bibliotheksführer" (in German). Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ↑ "Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg" (in German). Archived from the original on 1996-12-19 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "'Lange Nacht der Museen': Besucheransturm in Hamburg". Hamburger Morgenpost (in German). 21 May 2001.
- ↑ "Der Verein" (in German). Hamburg Pride e.V. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ↑ "Cases: Germany". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Pennsylvania, USA: Swarthmore College. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
Bibliography
in English
- published in 17th–18th centuries
- Thomas Nugent (1749), "Hamburg", The Grand Tour, vol. 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762572
- Joseph Marshall (1772), "Hamburgh (etc.)", Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, the Ukraine, and Poland, in the years 1768, 1769, and 1770, London: Printed for J. Almon, OCLC 3354484
- Richard Brookes (1786), "Hamburg", The General Gazetteer (6th ed.), London: J.F.C. Rivington
- published in 19th century
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Hamburgh", New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Hamburgh". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Hamburg", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh, hdl:2027/hvd.hx167e
- Robert Baird (1842), "Hamburg", Visit to Northern Europe, New York: John S. Taylor & Co., OCLC 8052123
- Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Hamburgh", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge
- Charles Knight, ed. (1866). "Hamburg". Geography. English Cyclopaedia. Vol. 3. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co. hdl:2027/nyp.33433000064802.
- "Hamburg", Northern Germany (5th ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1873, OCLC 5947482
- "Hamburg", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1873
- "Hamburg", Appletons' European Guide Book, New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1888
- Murat Halstead (November 1892). "City of Hamburg". The Cosmopolitan. New York.
- published in 20th century
- "Hamburg", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 871–875.
a seaport of Germany
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 871.
a state of the German empire
- Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), "Hamburg", The Gourmet's Guide to Europe (3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards
- Esther Singleton (1913), "City of Hamburg", Great Cities of Europe, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page
- Wilson King (1914), Chronicles of Three Free Cities: Hamburg Bremen, Lübeck, London: Dent, OL 6568866M
- Joachim Joesten (1960), This is Hamburg in 1960, New Germany Reports, Gt. Barrington, Massachusetts, US: J. Joesten
- Philippe Dollinger (1970). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0742-8.
- Madeleine Hurd (1996). "Education, Morality, and the Politics of Class in Hamburg and Stockholm, 1870–1914". Journal of Contemporary History. 31 (4): 619–650. doi:10.1177/002200949603100402. JSTOR 261041. S2CID 144894036.
- published in 21st century
- John M. Jeep, ed. (2001). "Hamburg". Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3.
- Clemens Wischermann (2002). "Changes in population development, urban structures, and living conditions in nineteenth-century Hamburg". In Richard Lawton; W. Robert Lee (eds.). Population and Society in Western European Port Cities, c.1650-1939. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-435-7.
- Peter Uwe Hohendahl, ed. (2003), Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, and National Culture: Public Culture in Hamburg, 1700–1933, Rodopi, ISBN 9789042011854
- Maiken Umbach (2005). "A Tale of Second Cities: Autonomy, Culture, and the Law in Hamburg and Barcelona in the Late Nineteenth Century". American Historical Review. 110 (3): 659–692. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.3.659.
in German
- Zeiller, Martin (1653). "Hamburg". Topographia Saxoniae Inferioris. Topographia Germaniae (in German). Frankfurt. p. 125+.
- Gottfried Schütze (1776). Die Geschichte von Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: J.G. Fritsch. v.2
- J. J. Ropelius (1832). Chronik oder Geschichte von Hamburg [Chronicle or History of Hamburg] (in German). J.L.H. Wichers und Sohn.
- W. L. Meeder (1838–1839). Geschichte von Hamburg [History of Hamburg] (in German). Hamburg.
- Johann Gustav Gallois (1853–1856), Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg (in German), Hamburg: Tramburg's Erben, OCLC 6894187
- Architectonischen Verein (1868). Hamburg: historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Mittheilungen (in German). Hamburg: Otto Meissner.
- Gaedechens (1880). Historische Topographie der Freien und Hanse-Stadt Hamburg (in German).
- Carl Mönckeberg (1885), Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (in German), Persiehl, OCLC 13436239, OL 23438002M
- Fabian Landau (1907). Denksteine aus der Geschichte von Hamburg und Altona [Monuments from the history of Hamburg and Altona] (in German). Hamburg: Knackstedt & Näther.
- Hamburg. Griebens Reiseführer (in German). A. Goldschmidt. 1912.
- P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Hamburg". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamburg.
- Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg. Maps of Hamburg
- Europeana. Items related to Hamburg, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Hamburg, various dates
- New York Public Library. Items related to Hamburg
53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E / 53.565278°N 10.001389°E
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